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THE  BULLETIN 

OF  THE 

NORTH  CAROLINA  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE 

RALEIGH 

NOVEMBER,  1923 


I.  FERTILIZER  EXPERIMENTS  WITH  WHEAT 
ON  PIEDMONT  RED  CLAY  LOAM  SOILS 

II.  WHEAT  CULTURE  IN  NORTH  CAROLINA 


Published  by  the  State  Department  of  Agriculture  for  the 

AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION 

of  the 

NORTH  CAROLINA  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE 

and  the 

NORTH  CAROLINA  STATE  COLLEGE  OF  AGRICULTURE 

AND  ENGINEERING. 

The  results  published  here  have  been  obtained,  in  the  Coopeiati\e  W  oik 

of  these  Institutions 


PUBLISHED  MONTHLY  AND  SENT  FREE  TO  CITIZENS  ON  APPLICATION 

Entered  at  the  Postoffice  at  Raleigh,  N.  C.,  as  second-class  matter 
February  7,  1901,  under  Act  of  June  6,  1900. 


K 


I 


% 


9 


| 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2019  with  funding  from 
University  of  North  Carolina  at  Chapel  Hill 


https://archive.org/details/ifertilizerexperOOwill 


P/<?3  tci_ 


9 


I.  FERTILIZER  EXPERIMENTS  WITH  WHEAT 
ON  PIEDMONT  RED  CLAY  LOAM  SOILS 

II.  WHEAT  CULTURE  IN  NORTH  CAROLINA 

BEING  A  REPORT  ON  THE  RESULTS  OF  WORK  WITH  WHEAT  AT 
IREDELL  BRANCH  FARM  IN  1911-1921  INCLUSIVE 


By  C.  B.  Williams,  W.  F.  Pate,  F.  T.  Meacham,  S.  K.  Jackson, 

and  H.  B.  Mann1 
Division  of  Agronomy 


GENERAL  SUMMARY  OF  RESULTS 

I.  The  fertilizing  of  wheat  will  pay  a  profit,  when  the  materials 
are  used  in  the  proper  proportions  and  in  right  amounts.  In  fact, 
without  the  proper  use  of  commercial  fertilizers  the  yields  of  this 
crop  will  seldom  be  profitable  on  most  soils  and  under  normal  market 
conditions.  What  the  amount  and  proportion  should  be  for  average 
Piedmont  soils  is  shown  by  the  results  of  the  experiments  given  on 
the  following  pages. 

II.  On  average  Piedmont  red  clay  loam  soils,  nitrogen  alone,  potash 
alone,  and  a  combination  of  nitrogen  and  potash  were  used  at  a  loss, 
in  many  instances  not  even  producing  as  much  wheat  as  the  plats 
receiving  no  fertilizer. 

III.  Phosphoric  acid  used  alone  produced  increased  yields  at  good 
profits  in  all  cases.  Nitrogen  with  phosphoric  acid,  and  potash  with 
phosphoric  acid,  gave  increased  yields  and  profits  over  the  use  of  phos¬ 
phoric  acid  alone.  Nitrogen  with  phosphoric  acid  gave  larger  increases 
of  both  grain  and  straw  than  did  potash  with  phosphoric  acid,  but  the 
value  of  the  increase  was  not  enough  to  overcome  the  greater  cost  of 
the  treatment.  Nitrogen,  phosphoric  acid,  and  potash  used  as  a  com¬ 
plete  fertilizer  gave  larger  returns  and  profits  than  did  any  of  the 
other  three  constituents  used  singly,  or  any  two  of  them  combined. 

The  results  of  experiments  included  in  Table  I  show  that  phos¬ 
phoric  acid  is  the  main  controlling  constituent  for  growing  wheat, 
and  that  the  use  of  nitrogen  and  potash  in  lesser  amounts  is  necessary 

for  largest  yields  and  profits. 

'  ^Credit  is  due  E,  L.  Worthen,  F.  N.  McDowell,  and  E.  C.  Blair  for  the  part 
they  had,  during  the  early  history  of  these  experiments,  in  making  them  a 

success. 


4 


The  Bulletin,  November,  1923 


IV.  Lime  when  used  alone  gave  an  increased  yield  of  more 
than  enough  to  pay  for  itself.  When  used  with  a  complete  fertilizer, 
the  yields  and  profits  were  greater  than  when  a  completer  fertilizer 
alone  was  used.  With  the  rotation  used  in  this  experiment,  the  use 
of  lime  has  been  found  profitable  with  wheat. 

V.  The  amount  of  nitrogen  in  the  normal  fertilizer  (400  pounds 
per  acre)  adapted  at  the  beginning  and  applied  to  wheat  was  3  per 
cent  or  twelve  pounds  per  acre.  This  amount  was  varied  to  give  six, 
twelve,  twenty-four,  and  thirty-six  pounds  of  nitrogen  to  the  acre 
to  different  comparative  plats.  The  yields  and  profits  increased  as 
the  amount  of  nitrogen  in  the  mixtures  was  increased,  the  largest 
and  most  profitable  returns  being  secured  from  the  use  of  thirty-six 
pounds  of  nitrogen  per  acre. 

Since  phosphoric  acid  is  the  first  limiting  factor  in  the  production  of 
wheat  on  this  type  of  soil,  it  is  very  probable  that  had  the  amount  of 
phosphoric  acid  been  increased  in  the  same  applications  as  the  nitrogen 
was  increased,  larger  yields  and  greater  profits  per  acre  would  have 
been  secured. 

VI.  The  amount  of  phosphoric  acid  in  the  normal  fertilizer  (400 
pounds  per  acre)  adapted  at  the  beginning  of  the  experiment  was 
7  per  cent  or  twenty-eight  pounds  to  the  acre.  This  quantity  was 
varied  on  different  plats  to  give  fourteen,  twenty-eight,  fifty-six,  and 
eighty-four  pounds  of  phosphoric  acid  to  the  acre.  Increased  yields 
were  secured  as  larger  amounts  of  phosphoric  acid  were  applied, 
but  the  largest  net  profit  was  secured  from  an  application  of  fifty- 
six  pounds  of  phosphoric  acid  per  acre.  As  only  twelve  pounds  of 
nitrogen  was  used  with  the  varying  applications  of  phosphoric  acid, 
and  it  has  been  shown  (Table  II)  that  larger  applications  of  nitro¬ 
gen  were  profitable,  it  is  probable  that  if  more  nitrogen  had  been 
used  with  the  heavier  phosphoric  acid  applications  they  would  have 
shown  larger  gains  in  yield. 

VII.  The  amount  of  potash  in  the  normal  fertilizer  (400  pounds 
per  acre)  adapted  at  the  beginning  and  applied  to  wheat  was  1% 
per  cent  or  six  pounds  to  the  acre.  This  quantity  was  varied  to  give 
three,  six,  twelve,  and  eighteen  pounds  of  potash  in  the  mixtures 
per  acre.  The  results  show  that  the  largest  yield  of  wheat  and  great¬ 
est  profit  per  acre  was  secured  from  the  use  of  six  pounds  of  potash 
per  acre.  The  increased  yields  and  profits  from  the  other  applica¬ 
tions  were  practically  the  same. 

VIII.  The  average  results  show  that  varying  the  amounts  of  the 
normal  fertilizer  (400  pounds)  to  the  acre  gave  increased  yields 
and  profits  for  all  the  different  rates  of  application.  After  deduct¬ 
ing  the  cost  of  the  fertilizer,  the  different  quantities  used  per  acre 
showed  the  following  average  profits : 


Fertilizer  Experiments  With  Wheat 


200  pounds  of  fertilizer  per  acre  gave  a  profit  of . $  5.87 

400  pounds  of  fertilizer  per  acre  gave  a  profit  of .  14.33 

600  pounds  of  fertilizer  per  acre  gave  a  profit  of .  15.44 

800  pounds  of  fertilizer  per  acre  gave  a  profit  of .  17.36 

1000  pounds  of  fertilizer  per  acre  gave  a  profit  of .  18.77 


Putting  this  in  a  slightly  different  way,  the  first  200  pounds  of 
fertilizer  on  an  average  gave  a  profit,  after  paying  for  the  cost  of 
the  fertilizer,  of  $2.93  for  each  100  pounds  of  fertilizer ;  an  applica¬ 
tion  of  400  pounds,  $3.58  per  100  pounds;  600  pounds,  $2.57  per 

/ 

100  pounds;  800  pounds,  $2.17  per  100  pounds;  and  1,000  pounds, 
$1.88  per  100  pounds  of  fertilizer. 

IX.  For  the  production  of  wheat  on  average  upland  soils  in  the 
Piedmont  section  of  North  Carolina,  of  the  same  general  type  and 
character  of  the  one  on  which  these  experiments  have  been  made, 
and  considering  all  the  results  as  a  whole,  it  is  recommended  for 
best  results  that  something  like  600  pounds  per  acre  of  a  fertilizer 
mixture,  analyzing  about  10  to  12  per  cent  available  phosphoric  acid, 
5  per  cent  nitrogen,  and  1  per  cent  potash  be  used. 

When  soils  have  been  built  up,  the  nitrogen  in  the  fertilizer  mix¬ 
ture  may  be  considerably  reduced  or  even  entirely  dispensed  with. 
This  condition  of  the  soil  should  be  strived  for  by  all  progressive 
farmers  by  growing  and  plowing  into  the  soil  suitable  leguminous 
crops  and  crop  residues. 

X.  From  the  chemical  analysis  of  the  various  upland  soils  of  the 
central  and  west  central  part  of  the  State,  the  indications  are  that 
the  results  herein  reported  will  apply  very  well  to  most  of  them. 


I-  FERTILIZER  EXPERIMENTS  WITH  WHEAT  GROWN  ON 
PIEDMONT  RED  CLAY  LOAM  SOILS 


In  this  bulletin  are  given  the  results  of  experiments  designed  to 
determine  the  fertilizer  or  plant-food  needs  of  wheat  grown  on  Pied¬ 
mont  red  clay  loam  soils.  Previous  reports,  as  follows,  have  been  made 
giving  the  results  of  field  experiments  with  other  crops  grown  at, 
the  farm  and  in  other  parts  of  the  State : 

1.  Results  of  Fertilizer  and  Variety  Experiments  with  Cowpeag  on  Pied¬ 
mont  Red  Clay  Roam  Soils  at  the  Iredell  Farm.  (Bulletin,  June, 
1910.) 

2.  Results  of  Fertilizer  Experiments  with  Cotton  on  Piedmont  Red 
Clay  Loam  Soils,  and  Variety,  Culture,  Fertilization  of  Cotton  on 
Piedmont  Red  Clay  Loam,  Red  Clay,  and  the  Valley  Soils  at  the 
Iredell  Farm.  (Bulletin,  August,  1910.) 

3.  Results  of  Fertilizer  Experiments  with  Corn  on  Piedmont  Red  Clay 
Loam,  and  Variety,  Culture,  and  Fertilization  of  Corn  on  Piedmont 
Red  Clay  Loam,  Red  Clay,  and  Valley  Soils  at  the  Iredell  Farm. 
(Bulletin,  September,  1910.) 

4.  Fertilizer  Experiments  with  Cotton  on  the  Sandy  Loam  Soils  (Nor¬ 
folk  Sandy  Loams)  of  the  Coastal  Plain  at  the  Edgecombe  Farm. 
(Bulletin,  April,  1914.) 

5.  Fertilizer  Experiments  with  Corn  on  the  Sandy  Loam  Soils  (Norfolk 
Sandy  Loams)  of  the  Coastal  Plain,  and  Variety,  Culture,  and  Fertil¬ 
ization  of  Corn  on  Sandy  Loam  Soils  at  the  Edgecombe  Farm.  (Bul¬ 
letin,  May,  1915.) 

6.  Fertilizer  Experiments  with  Cotton  on  Piedmont  Cecil  Sandy  Loam 
Soils,  and  Variety,  Culture,  and  Fertilization  of  Cotton  on  Piedmont 
Cecil  Sandy  Loam  and  Red  Clay  Soils  of  the  Central  Farm.  (Bulle¬ 
tin  227.) 

7.  Fertilizer  Experiments  with  Corn  on  Piedmont  Cecil  Sandy  Loam 
Soils,  and  Variety,  Culture,  and  Fertilization  of  Corn  on  Piedmont 
Cecil  Sandy  Loam  and  Red  Clay  Soils  of  the  Central  Farm.  (Bulle¬ 
tin  229.) 

8.  Report  on  Mountain  Soils.  (Bulletin,  May,  1911.) 

9.  Report  on  Piedmont  Soils.  (Bulletin,  February,  1915.) 

10.  Report  on  Coastal  Plain  Soils.  (Bulletin,  May,  1918.) 

11.  County  Soil  Report,  No.  1,  of  Mecklenburg  County.  (Bulletin, 
April,  1917.) 

12.  County  Soil  Report,  No.  2,  of  Gaston  County.  (Bulletin,  June,  1917.) 

13.  County  Soil  Report,  No.  3,  of  Union  County.  (Bulletin,  July,  1917.) 

14.  County  Soil  Report,  No.  4,  of  Cabarrus  County.  (Bulletin.  August, 
1917.) 

15.  Relation  of  Mineralogical  and  Chemical  Composition  of  the  Fertili¬ 
zer  Requirements  of  North  Carolina  Soils.  (Technical  Bulletin 
No.  9.) 

16.  Effect  of  Different  Fertilizing  Materials  Upon  the  Maturity  of  Cotton. 
(Circular  12.) 

17.  Composition  and1  Fertilizing  Value  of  Farm  Crops  and  Farm  Mate¬ 
rials.  (Circular  70.) 


[6] 


Fertilizer  Experiments  With  Wheat 


7 


18.  Source,  Availability,  and  Suitability  of  Different  Plant-food  Con¬ 
stituents  to  Different  Crops.  (Circular  11.) 

19.  Effect  of  Applying  Commercial  Fertilizers  to  Corn  and  Cotton  by 
Different  Methods,  (Circular  8.) 

20.  Tobacco  Culture  in  North  Carolina.  (Bulletin  237.) 

21.  Relative  Value  of  Acid  Phosphate  and  Rock  Phosphate  for  North 
Carolina  Soils.  (Bulletin,  June,  1920.) 

22.  Fertilizer  Experiments  with  Wheat  on  Mountain  Soils.  Wheat  Cul¬ 
ture,  in  North  Carolina,  (Bulletin,  July,  1920.) 

23.  Fertilizer  Experiments  with  Corn  on  Toxaway  Loam  (Bottom  Soil) 
and  Porter’s  Loam  (Upland  Soil)  for  1911-1917.  Varieties,  Culture, 
and  Fertilization  of  Corn  on  Mountain  Soils.  (Bulletin,  October, 
1922.) 

RESULTS  REPORTED 

In  the  Piedmont  section  of  the  State  wheat  is  an  important  crop. 
In  fact,  it  appears  to  be  a  crop  that,  under  present  conditions,  should 
have  a  much  wider  use  in  the  crop  rotations  of  this  section  than  it 
does.  The  high  prices  for  wheat  and  commercial  fertilizers  during 
the  past  few  years  have  stimulated  the  use  of  commercial  fertilizers 
in  a  more  discriminating  way  in  the  growth  of  this  crop.  Wheat  is 
one  of  the  crops,  however,  that  under  ordinary  conditions  will 
require  the  exercise  of  far  greater  judgment  and  discrimination  for 
profitable  fertilization  than  such  crops  as  cotton  and  tobacco,  because 
of  the  lower  selling  price  as  compared  to  these  latter  crops. 

In  this  bulletin  is  recorded  th,e  results  with  wheat  on  Fields  A,  B, 
and  C  at  the  Iredell  Farm  during  1911-1921,  inclusive. 

LOCATION  OE  FARM  AN1)  CHARACTER  OF  SOIL 

The  Iredell  Branch  farm  is  located  near  Statesville,  in  Iredell 
County,  well  up  in  the  Piedmont  (foothill)  section  of  the  State,  the 
elevation  being  950  feet  above  sea-level.  The  main  type  of  soil  on 
the  farm  is  Red  (Cecil)  Clay  Loam,  the  subsoil  being  a  moderately 
heavy  clay,  but  the  surface  soil  has  sufficient  sand  in  it  to  make  it 
a  clay  loam  rather  than  a  clay,  though  when  freshly  plowed  it  would, 
to  a  casual  observer,  be  looked  upon  as  red  clay.  The  main  types 
of  soil  in  the  Piedmont  are  Cecil  Sandy  Loam  (gray  land),  Red 
(Cecil)  Clay  Loam,  and  Red  (Cecil)  Clay,  the  latter  two  being  the 
predominating  types.  The  clay  and  clay-loam  types  are  rich  in 
potash,  very  poor  in  phosphoric  acid,  the  amount  of  nitrogen  depend¬ 
ing  upon  the  organic  matter  contained  in  the  soil.  Analyses  of  sam¬ 
ples  of  soil  from  the  unfertilized  plats  on  which  these  experiments 
were  .conducted  show  that  the  soil  contains  about  the  follow  ing  numbei 
of  pounds  of  plant  food  per  acre : 

Surface  Soil  Subsoil 
6  2/3  inches  28  inches 

Nitrogen  (N)  1,293  2,231 

Phosphoric  Acid  (P20-,)  .  999  7,330 

Potash  (K20)  .  9-014  32,669 

Lime  CC'aO)  .  4,585  17,769 


8 


The  Bulletin,  November,  1923 


THE  FLATS 

Tlie  plats  on  which  these  experiments  were  conducted  were  em¬ 
braced  in  Fields  A,  B,  and  C.  Fields  A  and  B  had  been  long  in 
cultivation  and  were  badly  run  down  when  work  was  started  on 
them  in  1903.  The  plats  in  Field  A  were  laid  off  in  two  series  parallel 
to  each  other,  there  being  twenty  plats  to  the  series,  with  a  driveway 
or  turn-way  between  plats.  The  plats  are  one-tenth  of  an  acre  in 
size  or  217.8  feet  by  20  feet,  with  space  between  plats  sufficient  for 
two  rows  of  cotton  or  other  crops,  the  row  on  either  side  of  each 
plat  being  fertilized  like  the  plat  which  it  adjoins. 

The  plats  in  Field  B  were  laid  out  in  a  similar  way  to  those  of 
Field  A,  and  were  of  the  same  size. 

The  plats  in  Field  C  were  part  of  an  old  field,  covered  with  broom- 
sedge,  small  briars,  and  small  pines,  in  1903.  The  pines  were  grubbed 
out  and  the  other  growth  turned  under  with  a  two-horse  plow  in 
the  spring  of  1903  and  cultivated  in  corn  that  year  with  a  fertilizer 
application  of  300  pounds  per  acre  of  a  normal  corn  mixture.  In 
the  fall  of  1903  crimson  clover  was  sown,  but  no  stand  was  obtained. 
The  land  was  prepared  in  the  spring  of  1904  and  laid  off  into  plats 
of  one-twentieth  acre  each,  the  size  being  108.9  feet  by  20  feet,  with 
space  between  plats  for  one  unfertilized  row.  There  is  a  four-foot 
space  at  the  ends  of  the  plats.  There  are  two  series  of  sixteen  plats 
each  in  this  field,  with  driveway  or  turn-way  between. 

In  the  case  of  all  plats  on  this  farm,  there  is  a  four-foot  extra 
space  at  the  ends  of  the  plats. 

Field  A.  These  plats  were  used  for  fertilizer  experiments  with 
cotton  in  1903,  1904,  and  1906 ;  for  fertilizer  experiments  with  corn 
in  1905,  1907,  and  1910;  for  general  crop  of  oats  without  fertilizer  in 
the  fall  and  spring  of  1908 ;  for  fertilizer  experiments  with  peas  in 
the  summer  of  1908 ;  and  for  fertilizer  experiments  with  cotton  in  1909. 
In  case  of  each  of  three  crops,  the  same  plan  or  system  of  fertiliza¬ 
tion  was  followed.  By  this  is  meant  that  plat  one  in  all  cases  received 
only  nitrogen;  plat  two,  phosphoric  acid;  plat  three,  potash,  and  so 
on,  though  the  quantities  actually  applied  varied  with  the  three  crops. 
The  fertilization  of  the  cotton  plats  was  based  on  a  normal  applica¬ 
tion  of  400  pounds  per  acre  of  a  mixture  containing  7  per  cent  avail-  , 
able  phosphoric  acid  and  2 y2  per  cent  each  of  nitrogen  and  potash. 
The  fertilization  for  corn  was  based  on  a  normal  application  of  300 
pounds  per  acre  of  a  mixture  containing  7  per  cent  available  phos¬ 
phoric  acid,  3  per  cent  nitrogen,  and  iy2  per  cent  potash.  For  peas, 
the  fertilization  was  based  on  a  normal  application  of  300  pounds 
per  acre  of  a  mixture  containing  8  per  cent  available  phosphoric 
acid,  1  per  cent  nitrogen,  and  4  per  cent  potash. 


Fertilizer  Experiments  With  Wheat  9 

Field  B.  These  plats  were  used  for  fertilizer  experiments  with 
corn  in  1903,  1904,  1906,  and  1908 ;  for  fertilizer  experiments  with 
cotton  in  1905,  1907,  and  1910;  for  general  crop  of  oats  without  ferti¬ 
lizer  in  the  fall  and  spring  of  1909 ;  and  for  fertilizer  experiments 
with  peas  in  the  summer  of  1909. 

Field  C.  These  plats  were  used  for  fertilizer  experiments  with 
peas  in  1904,  1905,  1906,  and  1907 ;  a  grain  crop  without  fertiliza¬ 
tion  preceding  the  pea  crop  in  each  year  except  for  1904 ;.  for  fertilizer 
experiments  with  cotton  in  1908,  with  corn  in  1909 ;  and  oats  fol¬ 
lowed  by  cowpeas  for  seed  in  1910. 

In  1910,  the  rotation  on  these  fields  was  changed  from  that  out¬ 
lined  above  to  the  following : 

First  year— Cotton,  rye,  on  Field  B  in  1910. 

Second  year — Corn  on  Field  A  in  1910. 

Third  year — Wheat,  red  clover,  on  Field  C1  in  1913. 

Fourth  year — Red  clover  on  Field  A  in  1912. 


PREPARATION  AND  CULTIVATION 

The  land  in  all  cases  was  well  prepared  by  breaking  with  a  two- 
horse  turning  plow  after  the  previous  crop  had  been  removed  by 
cutting.  After  breaking,  the  land  was  allowed  to  settle  for  a  few 
weeks,  after  which  it  was  conditioned  by  harrowing  immediately 
before  the  seeding.  Leap’s  Prolific  variety  of  wheat  was  used  in 
seeding  all  the  experiments,  and  approximately  l1/^  bushels  of  seed 
were  put  in  with  the  drill  during  the  early  fall. 

FERTILIZATION  AND  FERTILIZING  MATERIALS 

The  fertilizer  for  all  the  plats  was  weighed  separately  for  each 
plat  and  applied  broadcast  by  hand  just  before  the  wheat  was  drilled. 
Acid  phosphate  was  used  as  the  source  of  phosphoric  acid,  dried  blood 
for  nitrogen,  manure  salt  for  potash,  and  finely  ground  limestone 
for  lime.  The  fertilizing  materials  were  analyzed  each  year  and 
applications  were  made  on  the  basis  of  actual  analyses  so  as  to  give 
the  exact  quantities  of  nitrogen,  phosphoric  acid,  and  potash  indicated 
for  each  plat.  For  the  sake  of  simplicity  and  convenience  in  pre¬ 
senting  the  results  of  a  number  of  years  experiments,  the  fertilizer 
applications  are  expressed  in  terms  of  acid  phosphate,  containing 
16  per  cent  available  phosphoric  acid;  dried  blood,  contaning  13  per 
cent  nitrogen ;  and  manure  salt,  containing  20  per  cent  potash,  which 


Cotton  was  on  Field  C  in  1911. 


10 


The  Bulletin,  November,  1923 


figures  represent  tlie  average  composition  of  these  materials.  The 
fertilizer  applications  in  the  experiments  with  wheat  are  on  the  basis 
of  400  pounds  per  acre  for  the  normal  (NPK)  application  of  a  mix¬ 
ture  containing  7  per  cent  available  phosphoric  acid,  3  per  cent  nitro¬ 
gen,  and  iy2  per 'cent  potash;  Lime,  in  the  form  of  finely  ground  lime¬ 
stone,  was  applied  broadcast  at  the  rate  of  2,000  pounds  per  acre  every 
four  years,  beginning  in  1910.  The  fertilizer  applications  in  the 
tables,  in  addition  to  being  represented  in  terms  of  acid  phosphate, 
dried  blood,  and  manure  salt,  are  also  indicated  by  the  symbols, 
N,  P,  K,  and  L,  which  have  the  following  significance : 

N  equals  nitrogen  at  the  rate  of  12  pounds  per  acre. or  92.3  pounds  of 
13  per  cent  dried  blood. 

P  equals  phosphoric  acid  at  the  rate  of  28  pounds  per  acre  or  175  pounds 
of  16  per  cent  acid  phosphate. 

K  equals  potash  at  the  rate  of  6  pounds  per  acre  or  30  pounds  of  20 
per  cent  manure  salt. 

L  equals  lime  at  the  rate  of  2,000  pounds  per  acre  of  actual  calcium 
carbonate  in  the  form  of  ground  limestone  every  four  years  broadcast. 

There  are  columns  in  the  tables  showing  the  actual  weights  in 
pounds  of  phosphoric  acid,  nitrogen,  and  potash  applied  to  each 
plat  (expressed  on  acre  basis)  which  will  enable  anyone  to  use  the 
same  amounts  of  fertilizing  constituents  from  other  materials,  if  so 
desired.  The  following  average  prices,  which  fairly  represent  the 
cost  of  the  several  materials  to  the  farmer  at  the  present  time,  have 
been  assumed  for  the  materials  used : 


16  per  cent  acid  phosphate . $22.40  per  ton 

13  per  cent  dried  blood .  93.60  per  ton 

20  per  cent  manure  salt. . .  60.50  per  ton 

Finely  ground  limestone  .  5.00  per  ton 


The  arrangements  of  the  plats  and  scheme  of  fertilizer  application 
are  shown  by  the  following : 

The  normal  fertilizer  application  was  400  pounds  per  acre  of  a 
mixture  containing — 

Phosphoric  acid  . . .  7  per  cent 

Nitrogen  .  3  per  cent 

Potash  .  1  y2  per  cent 

Of  this  normal  application — 

N  equals  12  pounds  of  nitrogen  or  92.3  pounds  of  13  per  cent  dried  blood. 
P  equals  28  pounds  of  phosphoric  acid  or  175  pounds  of  16  per  cent  acid 
phosphate. 

K  equals  6  pounds  of  potash  or  30  pounds  of  20  per  cent  manure  salt. 

The  experiments  were  run  on  Fields  A,  B,  and  C,  as  follows: 


li 


Fertilizer  Experiments  With  Wheat 

Size  of  Plats,  One-tenth  Acre 
(217.8x20  feet) 

First  Series  Application 

1  .  N 

2  .  P 

3  .  K 

4  .  O 

5  .  NP 

6  .  NK 

7  .  PK 

8  .  NPK 

®  .  Ni/2PK 

1U .  N2PK 

11  .  0 

12  .  N3PK 

13  .  NPi/2K 

14  .  NP2K 

15  .  NP3K 

16  . .  NPKi/2 

17  .  NPK2 

18  .  O 

19  .  NPK3 

20  .  i/2(NPK) 

Second  Series  Application 

12  .  1%  (NPK) 

22  .  2  ( NPK ) 

32  . .  2%  (NPK) 

42  .  0 

52  .  NPK — Two  applications  of  nitrogen, 

y2  as  blood  at  planting,  y2  as  nitrate 
of  soda  later. 

62  .  NPK — Two  applications  of  nitrogen, 

y2  as  nitrate  of  soda  at  planting,  y2 
as  nitrate  of  soda  later. 

72  .  NPK — Two  applications  of  nitrogen, 

y2  as  blood  at  planting,  y2  as  blood 

later. 

09 

0  .  NPK — Two  sources  of  nitrogen,  y5  as 

nitrate  of  soda  at  planting,  %  as 
blood  at  planting. 

92  .  NPK — Two  applications  of  fertilizer: 

y2  at  planting,  y2  later. 

112  .  O 

142  .  Lime — 1,000  pounds  slaked  lime  per 

acre,  broadcast  every  4th  year. 

152  .  NPKL 

162  .  NFK — Fertilizer  applied  broadcast. 

182  . .  O 

The  above  represents  the  plats  in  Field  A.  In  Fields  B  and  C 
they  are  arranged  in  a  similar  way. 


12 


The  Bulletin,  November,  1923 


METHOD  OF  DETERMINING  THE  EFFECTS  OF  THE  DIFFERENT 

FERTILIZING  MATERIALS 

The  measure  of  the  effect  of  the  fertilizer  mixture  applied  to  any 
plat  is  equal  to  the  total  yield  on  that  plat  decreased  by  the  yield 
of  the  first  unfertilized  plat  of  the  group,  and  further  increased  or 
decreased  (according  as  the  unfertilized  yield  decreased  or  increased 
from  first  to  last  plat  of  the  group)  by  the  product  of  the  difference 
in  the  yield  of  the  first  and  last  unfertilized  plats  of  the  group  by 
the  ratio  of  the  position  of  the  plat  in  the  group  to  the  whole  number 
of  plats. 

For  example : 

Let  E  =  True  measure  of  the  effect  of  fertilizer  mixture  applied. 

T  =  Total  yield  of  that  plat  under  consideration. 

A  =  Yield  of  first  unfertilized  plat. 

B  =  Yield  of  last  unfertilized  plat  in  the  group. 

No  =  Number  of  the  last  plat  in  group. 

Nj_  =  Number  of  the  first  plat  in  group. 

N  =  Number  of  the  plat  to  which  correction  is  to  be  applied. 

Then — 

N  —  Nx 

E  =  T-A - (B  —  A) 

No  —  Nj. 

» 

WEATHER  CONDITIONS  DURING  THE  EXPERIMENT 

Soil,  seed,  fertilization,  cultivation,  and  time  of  planting  influence 
the  crop  yield.  However,  of  weather  conditions,  rainfall  is  the  prin¬ 
cipal  factor  to  be  considered.  In  the  table  presented  below  will  be 
found  the  monthly  and  annual  rainfall  for  twelve  years,  including 
the  years  covered  by  the  experiment  and  the  mean  monthly  and 
annual  rainfall  for  forty-five  years.  The  rainfall  during  the  months 
from  September  to  June  would  effect  the  growing  of  wheat  in  this 
section  of  the  State.  During  the  fall  (September  to  December  inclu¬ 
sive)  the  rainfall  was  above  normal  in  1911,  1912,  1913,  1914,  1918, 
and  1920;  and  below  normal  in  1910,  1916,  1917,  1919,  and  1921.  In 
the  late  winter  and  spring  months,  the  rainfall  was  higher  than  the 
average  in  1912  and  1915 ;  and  lower  than  the  average  in  1911,  1914, 
1918,  and  1921. 


Fertilizer  Experiments  With  Wheat 


13 


Rainfall  in  Inches  at  Statesville,  North  Carolina 


1909 

1910 

1911 

1912 

1913 

1914 

1915 

1916 

1917 

1918 

1919 

1920 

1921 

Means  of 

Observation 

for  45  Years 

January . 

2.50 

4.59 

2.49 

2.80 

4.69 

3.55 

5.80 

3.48 

3.89 

6.40 

5.16 

4.53 

6.03 

3.93 

February . . 

2.70 

5.68 

1.99 

5.79 

3.20 

5.71 

4.02 

6.09 

3.92 

1.38 

4.60 

3.96 

4.87 

4.45 

March _ 

4.00 

1.69 

4.22 

8.92 

7.93 

3.61 

2.27 

2.04 

8.19 

2.81 

5.72 

6.26 

2.20 

4.94 

April . . . 

3.50 

2.07 

3.75 

4.16 

2.57 

2.37 

0.66 

2.38 

3.50 

5.45 

4.18 

6.78 

2.97 

3.57 

May _ 

5.58 

5.40 

1.40 

7.29 

3.93 

2.13 

7.92 

4.32 

2.01 

2.39 

5.32 

2.57 

3.92 

4.08 

June..  - . 

10.67 

5.96 

5.60 

4.45 

2.54 

1.67 

5.93 

7.42 

3.98 

2.55 

3.23 

3.29 

1.65 

4.46 

July . 

5.96 

4.83 

2.59 

7.76 

3.31 

5.12 

7.30 

15.46 

7.08 

5.63 

13.82 

6.68 

4.06 

5.34 

August.  . . . 

4.95 

6.49 

3.54 

1.36 

13.71 

6.57 

10.11 

3.46 

7.71 

4.33 

3.59 

9.22 

2.81 

5.80 

September _ 

1.58 

3.38 

1.86 

7.99 

3.89 

2.33 

1.64 

1.93 

3.29 

4.30 

0.60 

4.86 

4.16 

3.74 

October _ 

2.92 

4.48 

6.13 

3.63 

4.58 

4.44 

4.88 

2.85 

1.95 

4.98 

4.77 

1.00 

3.18 

3.44 

November _ _ 

1.11 

0.34 

4.78 

2.49 

2.14 

3.46 

3.26 

1.13 

0.46 

2.91 

2.61 

6.34 

2.10 

2.73 

December _ 

2.52 

3.61 

5.31 

2.15 

5.63 

9.37 

5.61 

3.52 

1.01 

7.23 

4.46 

5.77 

1.83 

4.28 

Total  and  mean 
Annuals . 

Monthly  average. 

47.99 

48.52 

43.66 

58.79 

58.12 

50.33 

59.40 

54.08 

46.99 

50.36 

58.06 

60.26 

39.78 

50.76 

4.00 

4.04 

3.64 

4.90 

4.84 

4.19 

4.95 

4.51 

3.92 

4.20 

4.84 

5.02 

3.32 

4.23 

14 


The  Bulletin,  ISTovembek,  1923 


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Fertilizer  Experiments  With  Wheat 


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655 

1,080 

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330 

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105 

1,050 

200 

1,205 

1,213 

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610 

1,160 

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1.4 

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14.5 

0.8 

5.7 

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1,500 

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18 


The  Bulletin,  November,  1923 


EFFECT  OF  NITROGEN,  PHOSPHORIC  ACID,  POTASH  AND  LIME 
ALONE  AND  IN  COMPARISON  WITH  EACH  OTHER 
ON  THE  YIELD  OF  WHEAT 

The  experiments,  the  results  of  which  are  presented  in  Table  I, 
were  planned  to  show  the  effect  on  the  yield  of  wheat  of  nitrogen 
(N),  phosphoric  acid  (P),  and  potash  (K),  when  applied  singly; 
when  two  of  the  constituents  were  applied  together,  as  nitrogen  and 
phosphoric  acid  (NP),  nitrogen  and  potash  (NK)  and  phosphoric  acid 
and  potash  (PK)  ;  and  when  all  three  of  the  constituents  were  applied 
to  make  a  complete  fertilizer  (NPK).  Also  to  test  the  effects  of  lime 
(L)  used  alone  and  when  used  in  connection  with  a  complete  fertilizer 
(NPKL). 

The  results  secured  are  shown  in  yields  of  bushels  of  grain  and 
pounds  of  straw  per  acre  for  the  several  years,  average  yields, 
average  increases  over  the  unfertilized  (0)  plats,  which  represent 
the  effect  of  the  fertilizer  application,  the  value  of  the  increase,  the 
cost  of  the  fertilizer  and  the  value  of  the  increased  yields  over  the 
cost  of  the  fertilizer.  The  value  of  the  increased  yields  of  grain 
and  straw  represents  the  profit  from  the  different  fertilizer  appli¬ 
cations  after  paying  for  the  fertilizer  itself. 

Nitrogen  (N)  (Plats  1,  3  and  1).  On  Field  A,  the  average  results 
show  a  loss  of  0.6  bushels  of  grain  and  75  pounds  of  straw  from  the 
use  of  nitrogen;  on  Field  C,  a  loss  of  1.0  bushel  of  grain  and  105 
pounds  of  straw;  while  on  Field  B,  an  average  gain  was  made  of 
2.4  bushels  of  grain  and  34  pounds  of  straw.  From  the  average 
results  of  all  three  fields  for  nine  years,  the  increase  due  to  the 
application  of  nitrogen  alone  was  0.3  of  a  bushel  of  grain  and  a 
loss  in  straw  of  49  pounds  per  acre.  After  deducting  the  cost  of 
the  nitrogen  applied,  an  annual  financial  loss  amounting  to  $2.73 
per  acre  is  shown. 

Phosphoric  Acid  (P)  (Plats  2,  4  and  2).  Phosphoric  acid  used 
alone  produced  an  increase  in  yield  over  the  unfertilized  plats,  in 

all  of  the  nine  years  on  every  field.  The  average  increase  on  Field 

A  was  2.8  bushels  of  grain  and  207  pounds  of  straw;  5.1  bushels 
of  grain  and  473  pounds  of  straw  on  Field  B ;  and  5.5  bushels  of 
grain  and  441  pounds  of  straw  on  Field  C.  The  average  increased 
yields  for  nine  years  on  the  three  fields  were  6.3  bushels  of  grain 
and  548  pounds  of  straw  per  acre.  After  deducting  the  cost  of  the 
fertilizer  an  annual  increase  is  given  of  $6.89  per  acre. 

Potash  (K)  (Plats  3,  6  and  3).  The  average  results  for  three 

years  on  each  field  show  that  the  yields  from  the  plats  receiving 

potash  alone  made  less  grain  and  straw  than  did  the  unfertilized 
plats.  The  average  results  for  nine  years  show  a  loss  of  0.8  bushels 
of  grain  and  67  pounds  of  straw.  The  annual  potash  applications 
cost  48  cents,  making  the  use  of  potash  alone  on  wheat  show  an 
annual  loss  of  $2.07  per  acre. 


Fertilizer  Experiments  With  Wheat 


19 


Fig.  1. — Wheat  on  Land  Unfertilized  (Plat  4 — 1st  Series,  Field  A)  Since 
1903,  but  Cultivated  and  Seeded  as  Other  Land.  Photo  1923 


Nitrogen  and  Phosphoric  Acid  (NP)  (Plats  5,  7  and  4).  From 
the  use  of  mixtures  carrying  nitrogen  and  phosphoric  acid,  increased 
yields  over  the  unfertilized  plats  were  obtained  in  all  nine  years  on 
each  of  the  three  fields.  On  Field  A,  the  average  increase  was  8.8 
bushels  of  grain  and  887  pounds  of  straw;  on  Field  B,  10.4  bushels 
of  grain  and  753  pounds  of  straw;  and  on  Field  C,  7.0  bushels  of 
grain  and  641  pounds  of  straw  ;i  or  an  average  annual  increase  for 
the  nine  years  on  the  three  fields  of  10.4  bushels  of  grain  and  924 
pounds  of  straw.  This  increase,  after  taking  care  of  the  cost  of 
the  fertilizer,  gave  an  annual  net  profit  of  $12.35  per  acre.  This 
annual  gain  was  $5.46  more  than  where  phosphoric  acid  alone  was 
applied,  showing  that  nitrogen  has  added  decidedly  to  the  yield 
and  profit  when  combined  with  the  phosphoric  acid,  though  the 
nitrogen  when  used  alone  was  at  a  loss. 

Nitrogen  and  Potash  (NK)  (Plats  6,  8  and  5).  There  were  small 
average  increased  yields  of  grain  and  straw  on  Fields  A  and  B  from 
the  use  of  a  mixture  carrying  nitrogen  and  potash,  while  on  Field 
C,  the  unfertilized  plats  gave  a  larger  yield  than  this  mixture.  As 
an  average  of  all  three  fields,  the  increase  was  0.2  bushels  of  grain 
and  34  pounds  of  straw.  When  the  cost  of  the  fertilizer  is  taken 
into  consideration,  this  application  gave  an  annual  loss  of  $2.84 
per  acre. 

Phosphoric  Acid  and  Potash  (PK)  (Plats  7,  9,  and  12- ).  Phos¬ 
phoric  acid  and  potash  combined  gave  increased  yields  on  all  the 
plats  in  the  three  fields,  the  average  annual  increased  yield  on  Field 
A,  being  7.8  bushels  of  grain  and  606  pounds  of  straw;  on  Field  B, 
9.3  bushels  of  grain  and  877  pounds  of  straw;  and  on  Field  C,  5.6 
bushels  of  grain  and  436  pounds  of  straw.  On  an  average  of  nine 
years’  results  for  all  three  fields,  an  increase  was  secured  of  8.7 
bushels  of  grain  and  761  pounds  of  straw,  giving  an  annual  profit, 


20 


The  Bulletin,  November,  1923 


over  the  cost  of  the  fertilizer,  of  $12.39  per  acre.  This  increase 
is  4  cents  more  than  that  received  from  an  application  of  nitrogen 
and  phosphoric  acid,  although  the  average  yield  from  nitrogen  and 
phosphoric  acid  was  more  by  1.1  bushels  of  grain  and  120  pounds 
of  straw  than  from  the  plats  receiving  a  mixture  of  phosphoric  acid 
and  potash.  This  difference  is  caused  by  difference  in  cost  of  the 
fertilizer  applications,  it  being  $4.56  annually  per  acre  on  the  plats 
receiving  nitrogen  and  phosphoric  acid  and  $2.16  per  acre  for  the 
plats  receiving  a  mixture  of  phosphoric  acid  and  potash.  From  these 
results,  it  is  seen  that  potash  added  to  phosphoric  acid  has  increased 
the  yield  by  3.1  bushels  of  grain  and  266  pounds  of  straw  respec¬ 
tively  per  acre  over  plats  receiving  phosphoric  acid  alone;  showing 
that  potash  has  been  effective  in  the  growth,  of  wheat  on  this  soil 
when  used  in  conjunction  with  phosphoric  acid. 


Fig.  2. — Showing  Wheat  on  Land  (Plat  15 — 2nd  Series,  Field  A)  Treated 
Continuously  With  a  Complete  Fertilizer  and  Lime  (NPKL) 

Photo  1923 

Nitrogen,  Phosphoric  Acid  and  Potash  (NPK)  (Plats  8,  10,  and 

6).  When  all  three  of  the  fertilizer  materials  were  applied  together 
as  a  complete  fertilizer,  increased  yields  were  obtained  on  all  three 
fields.  The  average  annual  increase  over  the  unfertilized  plats  for 
all  three  fields  being  10.3  bushels  of  grain  and  783  pounds  of  straw 
per  acre,  which  together  were  worth  $14.33,  over  the  cost  of  the 
fertilizer  mixture  applied.  From  the  standpoint  of  yield  as  well 
as  annual  net  returns,  it  is  evident  that  it  pays  to  use  a  complete 
fertilizer  for  wheat  on  this  type  of  soil. 

Lime  (L)  (Plats  142,  1,  and  72).  Increased  yields  were  secured 
of  both  grain  and  straw  on  all  three  fields  during  the  nine  years 
of  the  experiment.  The  average  annual  increase  for  the  three  fields 
being  2.3  bushels  of  grain  and  289  pounds  of  straw  per  acre.  After 
allowing  for  cost  of  lime,  an  annual  net  profit  of  $3.70  per  acre  was 
secured. 


Fertilizer  Experiments  With  Wheat 


21 


Lime  with  Complete  Fertilizer  (NPKL)  (Plats  152,  2,  and  92). 

When  lime  was  used  in  combination  with  a  complete  fertilizer,  an 
increase  in  yield  of  wheat  and  net  profit  per  acre  was  secured  on 
all  three  fields.  On  an  average,  the  increase  in  yield  was  12.3  bushels 
of  grain  and  923  pounds  of  straw,  giving  a  net  annual  return,  over 
the  cost  of  fertilizer  treatment,  of  $16.83  per  acre. 

From  the  results  given  in  Table  I,  it  is  shown — 

1.  That  nitrogen  used  alone  on  this  soil  was  not  profitable. 

2.  That  potash  alone  made  less  yields  than  the  untreated  plats  and 
was,  therefore,  used  at  a  loss. 

3.  That  phosphoric  acid1  used  alone  gave  a  large  increase  in  yield  and 
net  profit,  showing  that  it  is  the  planbfood  constituent  of  first  im¬ 
portance  required  for  profitable  wheat  growing  on  this  soil. 

4.  That  the  use  of  lime  alone  gave  increased  yields  and  its  use  was 
profitable. 

5.  That  nitrogen  added  to  the  phosphoric  acid  gave  increased  yields 
over  what  the  use  of  phosphoric  acid  alone  did  and  was  profitable. 

6.  That  potash  added  to  phosphoric  acid  has  given  decided  increased 
results  over  the  use  of  phosphoric  acid  alone  and  was  profitable. 

7.  That  the  use  of  nitrogen  added  to  phosphoric  acid  has  given  larger 
yields  than  when  potash  was  added  to  phosphoric  acid,  but  on 
account  of  the  difference  in  the  cost  of  nitrogen  and  potash,  the 
net  returns  are  greater  by  4  cents  per  acre  in  the  former  than  in 
the  latter  case.  It  is  evident,  therefore,  that  nitrogen  is  more 
needed  than  potash  for  greater  wheat  yields,  but  the  quantity  of 
this  expensive  nitrogen  required  to  be  added  can  be  reduced  by 
the  growth  and  turning  under  of  legumes. 

8.  That  when  all  three  of  the  fertilizing  constituents  were  applied, 
larger  yields  of  wheat  were  secured  and  the  net  profits  greater 
than  with  the  use  of  any  combination  of  two  of  the  fertilizing 
constituents. 

9.  The  use  of  lime  with  a  complete  fertilizer  has  given  larger  yields 
and  greater  net  returns  than  any  other  treatment  tried. 


22 


The  Bulletin,  Novembek,  1923 


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26 


The  Bulletin,  November,  1923 


EFFECT  OF  VARYING  QUANTITIES  OF  NITROGEN 

The  experiments,  results  from  which  are  given  in  Table  II,  were 
planned  to  show  the  effect  of  varying  quantities  of  nitrogen  on  the 
yields  of  wheat,  while  keeping  the  amount  of  phosphoric  acid  and 
potash  constant. 

On  one  plat,  the  nitrogen  was  reduced  to  one-half  normal  quantity, 
making  the  application  6  pounds  of  nitrogen  per  acre  or  1.5  per 
cent  in  the  mixture.  On  two  of  the  plats,  the  nitrogen  was  increased 
by  two  and  three  times  the  normal  (12  pounds  per  acre)  nitrogen 
application,  making  the  applications  24  and  36  pounds  per  acre 
respectively,  or  6  and  9  per  cent  in  the  mixture. 


Fig  3. — Showing  Growth  of  Wheat  on  Land  (Plat  20 — 2nd  Series,  Field 
A)  Treated  With  400  Lbs.  Per  Acre:  of  a  Complete  Fertilizer 

(NPK)  Since  1903.  Photo  1923 


The  results  on  all  three  fields  show  very  uniformly  that  when  the 
application  was  increased  from  6  pounds  to  12  pounds,  24  pounds, 
and  36  pounds  of  nitrogen  respectively,  the  yields  of  wheat  showed  a 
corresponding  increase.  This  increase  was  enough  to  give  a  larger  net 
return,  after  deducting  the  cost  of  the  fertilizer,  as  the  size  of  the 
nitrogen  applications  were  increased.  With  the  use  of  6  pounds 
of  nitrogen,  the  annual  net  returns  were  $12.75 ;  for  12  pounds, 
$14.33 ;  for  24  pounds,  $17.06 ;  and  for  36  pounds  of  nitrogen,  $19.14 
per  acre. 

Taking  into  consideration  the  data  contained  in  Table  I  showing 
that  phosphoric  acid  was  the  most  essential  plant  food  to  be  added 
for  larger  crop  yields  of  wheat,  it  is  quite  possible  that  if  more 
phosphoric  acid  had  been  used  in  the  fertilizer  mixture  with  the 
heavier  applications  of  nitrogen,  that  larger  yields  of  wheat  would 
have  been  secured. 


TABLE  III— Results  of  Fertilizer  Experiments  With  Wheat  at  Iredell  Farm,  Showing  Effect  of  Varying  Quantities  of 

Phosphoric  Acid  in  Complete  Mixture  on  Yields 

Results  from  Field  A  in  1911,  1915  and  1919 


Fertilizer  Experiments  With  Wheat 


27 


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TABLE  III— Results  of  Fertilizer  Experiments  With  Wheat  at  Iredell  Farm,  Showing  Effect  of  Varying  Quantities  of 

Phosphoric  Acid  in  Complete  Mixture  on  Yields 

Results  from  Field  B  in  1912,  1916  and  1920 


28 


The  Bulletin,  November,  1923 


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TABLE  III— Results  of  Fertilizer  Experiments  With  Wheat  at  Iredell  Farm,  Showing  Effect  of  Varying  Quantities  of 

Phosphoric  Acid  in  Complete  Mixture  on  Yields 

Results  fx’om  Field  C  in  1913,  1917  and  1921 


Fertilizer  Experiments  With  Wheat 


29 


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TABLE  III — Results  of  Fertilizer  Experiments  With  Wheat  at  Iredell  Farm,  Showing  Effect  of  Varying  Quantities  of 

Phosphoric  Acid  in  Complete  Mixture  on  Yields 

Average  Results  for  Nine  Years  in  Fields  A,B  and  C 


30 


The  Bulletin,  November,  1923 


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Fertilizer  Experiments  With  Wheat 


31 


EFFECT  OF  VARYING  QUANTITIES  OF  PHOSPHORIC  ACID 

The  experiments,  results  of  which  are  given  in  Table  III,  were 
planned  to  show  the  effect  on  the  yields  of  wheat  of  varying  quan¬ 
tities  of  phosphoric  acid ;  the  quantities  of  nitrogen  and  potash 
applied  remaining  constant.  To  carry  this  out,  on  one  plat  one-half 
the  normal  quantity  of  phosphoric  acid  was  applied,  making  the 
application  14  pounds  of  phosphoric  acid  per  acre  or  3.5  per  cent 
in  the  mixture.  On  two  of  the  plats,  the  phosphoric  acid  was  increased 
by  two  and  three  times  the  normal  (28  pounds  per  acre)  application, 
making  the  application,  therefore,  56  and  84  pounds  of  phosphoric  acid 
per  acre,  respectively,  or  14  and  21  per  cent  in  the  fertilizer  mixture. 


Fig.  4. — Showing  Wheat  on  Experimental  Field  (Plat  15 — 1st  Series, 
Field  A)  to  Which  a  Complete  Fertilizer  High  in  Phosphoric  Acid 
(NP3K)  Has  Been  Applied  Continuously  Since  1903.  Photo  1923 


With  the  exception  of  plat  22  on  Field  B,  which  received  an  appli¬ 
cation  of  84  pounds  of  phosphoric  acid  to  the  acre,  the  results  on  all 
three  fields  uniformly  show  increased  yields  of  wheat  as  the  phos¬ 
phoric  acid  application  was  increased.  An  average  of  nine  years 
experiments  on  the  three  fields  show  that  the  largest  profit  was 
obtained  from  an  application  of  56  pounds  of  phosphoric  acid  per 
acre.  As  the  profit  on  this  plat  is  only  $1.64  more  than  the  profit 
from  the  plats  receiving  28  pounds  of  phosphoric  acid  per  acre,  it  is 
probable  that  unless  the  nitrogen  application  is  increased  the  most 
profitable  amount  of  phosphoric  acid  to  use  would  be  around  42 
pounds  per  acre. 


32 


The  Bulletin,  November,  1923 


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Potash  in  Complete  Mixture  on  Yields 

_ _ _ Results  from  Field  C  in  1913,  1917  and  1921 


The  Bulletin,  November,  1923 


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36 


The  Bulletin,  November,  1923 


EFFECT  OF  VARYING  QUANTITIES  OF  POTASH 

The  experiments,  results  of  which  are  given  in  Table  IV,  were 
planned  to  show  the  effect  on  the  yield  of  wheat  of  varying  quan¬ 
tities  of  potash,  the  quantities  of  nitrogen  and  phosphoric  acid  used 
remaining  constant.  In  carrying  this  out,  on  one  plat  one-half  the 
normal  quantity  of  potash,  making  the  application  3  pounds  of  pot¬ 
ash  or  0.75  per  cent  in  the  fertilizer  mixture,  was  used.  On  two 
plats,  the  potash  was  increased  by  two  and  three  times  the  normal 
(6  pounds  per  acre)  application,  making  the  applications  12  and  18 
pounds  of  potash,  respectively,  or  three  and  six  per  cent  in  the  fertil¬ 
izer  mixture. 

With  the  exception  of  plat  19  on  Field  A,  which  gave  the  largest 
yield  of  wheat  and  net  returns  per  acre,  the  results  are  uniform  in 
showing  that  an  application  of  6  pounds  of  potash  is  more  profitable 
to  use  than  either  the  use  of  3,  12,  or  18  pounds  of  potash  per  acre. 
In  most  cases,  the  use  of  three  pounds  per  acre  gave  larger  net  returns 
than  did  the  use  of  12  and  18  pounds  per  acre. 

The  indications  are  very  strong  that  1.5  per  cent  potash  is  all 
that  is  needed  for  wheat  on  this  type  of  soil,  when  it  is  used  with 
the  regular  quantity  of  nitrogen  and  phosphoric  acid  contained  in 
the  normal  fertilizer  mixture. 

The  results  throw  further  light  on  the  comparative  value  of  nitro¬ 
gen  and  potash  for  growing  wheat  on  this  soil  and  give  unquestion¬ 
ably  a  more  important  place  to  nitrogen  than  to  potash. 


TABLE  Y— Results  of  Fertilizer  Experiments  With  Wheat  at  Iredell  Farm,  Showing  Effect  of  Varying  Quantities  of 

Complete  Fertilizer  on  Yields 

Results  from  Field  A  in  1911,  1915  and  1919  _ _ _ _ 


Fertilizer  Experiments  With  Wheat 


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38 


The  Bulletin,  November,  1923 


«»■* 

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i  tO  i 

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1  to 

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jazrjijjag  jo  jsof) 

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1  i 

1  1 

1  1 

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jo  asuajouj  junuuy 
a3'BJ8Ay  jo  anje^ 


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CM 


uox  rad  Oil  %v 

AVBJjg  puB  -ng  jag 
OS’II  A\  qjtAV 

asuajauj  jo  anjUyY 


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i 

i 

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to 

1 

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CM 

I 

i 

CM 

CM 

CO 

a9zijijj0g 
oj  anp  ‘aioy 
jag  Aveijg  spunog 

UI  0SB0JOUJ  0SUJ0Ay 

l  i 

l  L—  l 

•  OO  i 

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1  1 

1  1 

1  1 

1  1 

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1,118 

1,139 

1,343 

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1  1 

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1  "ef  l 

1  1 

1  1 

1  1 

1  1 

13.2 

15.2 

14.9 

19.3 

Yields  in  Pounds 

Straw  Per  Acre 

Ave. 

OO  CO 

T-H  CO  i-H 

1-H 

142 

1,036 

83 

118 

1,202 

1,212 

1,405 

17 

1920 

0.0 

340 

0.0 

0.0 

985 

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0.0 

880 

1,120 

1,440 

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1916 

285 

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t-H 

1912 

70 

555 

0.0 

75 

1,213 

30 

70 

1,695 

1,570 

1,815 

0.0 

Yields  in  Bushels 
Grain  Per  Acre 

Ave. 

CO  CM  9— i 

9-H  to  O 

2.0 

14.5 

0.8 

1.3 

16.1 

15.7 

19.9 

0.1 

1920 

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0.0 

16.9 

0.0 

0.0 

15.3 

16.3 

22.2 

0.0 

1916 

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CO  00  o 

4.7 

13.5 

2.2 

3.3 

14.7 

13.6 

13.5 

0.4 

1912 

0.5 

0.0 

5.8 

0.0 

1.3 

13.1 

0.3 

0.5 

18.4 

17.2 

23.9 

0.0 

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TABLE  Y — Results  of  Fertilizer  Experiments  With  Wheat  at  Iredell  Farm,  Showing  Effect  of  Varying  Quantities  of 

Complete  Fertilizer  on  Yields 

Results  from  Field  0  in  1913,  1917  and  1921  _ _ 


Fertilizer  Experiments  With  Wheat 


39 


1°  1SOQ  J9A0 

-Ain.i:jg  pun 
jo  esnajouj  jnnuuy 
eSuieAy  jo  enjuA 

O 

O 

o 

10.12 

7.94 

15.09 

14.60 

0joy  leg 
•iazqipieg  jo  jsoq 

$  2.52 

5.04 

7.56 

10.08 

12.60 

uox  -wd  01$  U3 
Avnijg  pun  ’tig  ieg 
02'I$  l^sqAv  qiiAv 
esnerouj  jo  enjuA 

$  2.52 

15.16 

i 

15.50 

25.17 

27.20 

J0ZI[IJJ0jJ 

oj  enp  eioy 
.ieg  AYUijg  spunog 
ui  esnajouj  eSuieAy 

CO 

T“H 

^H 

H 

CM 

760 

1,193 

1,270 

J0zigj.ieg 
oj.  anp  eioy  jeg 
jnaq^V  sjeqsng 
ui  asnaiouj  aSnaaAy 

CO 

rH 

r- 

7.8 

12.8 

13.9 

Yields  in  Pounds 

Straw  Per  Acre 

Ave. 

o  u- 

CO  T-H 

CM  rt 

CO  CM 

T-H  Oi 

O  T-H 

877 

1,310 

1,387 

117 

1921 

170 

50 

650 

90 

770 

1,040 

1.060 

50 

1917 

O  O 

CM  oo 

T-H 

» 

540 

200 

420 

890 

1,040 

80 

1913 

400 

220 

1,550 

285 

1,440 

2,000 

2,060 

220 

Yields  in  Bushels 
Grain  Per  Acre 

Ave. 

^  t-H 

CM  t-H 

9.7 

2.0 

8.9 

13.9 

15.0 

1.1 

1921 

1.5 

0.2 

6.2 

0.5 

7.7 

11.0 

11.0 

0.2 

1917 

o  u- 

t-H  O 

7.0 

2.3 

4.7 

10.8 

12.7 

0.7 

1913 

4.7 

2.5 

15.8 

3.3 

14.3 

20.0 

21.3 

2.5 

aaoy  J0j  (CFH) 
qsnjog  spunog 

'  r  i  co 

i  i 

i  i 

*  i 

i  i 

1  1  CO 

1  1 
l  1 

1  1 

1  1 

7^  i  O  i  i  CM  i  i 

II  II  i— H  1  1  t-H 

II  •!  11 

II  II  1  1 

II  II  •  1 

0jay  jag  (sQzg) 
ptoy  -soqg  spunog 

i  i 

1  Tfl  1 

1  T-H  1 

1  1 

1  1 

1  1 

1  1 

i  00  1 

1  CM  1 

i  i 

i  i 

i  i 

42 

56 

70 

eioy  J0g  (n) 
uaSoj^i^q  spunog 

1  i 

CD  1  1 

1  1 

1  1 

1  1 

I  i 

CM  »  i 

t-H  1  1 

1  1 

1  1 

1  1 

00  i  i  -hJH  i  i  Oil 

t-H  1  1  CM  1  1  CO  1  1 

II  II  I  1 

II  II  11 

Unfertilized 


TABLE  V— Results  of  Fertilizer  Experiments  With  Wheat  at  Iredell  Farm,  Showing  Effect  of  Varying  Quantities  of 

Complete  Fertilizer  on  Yields 

Average  Results  for  Nine  Years  in  Fields  A  ,  B  and  C  _ 


40 


The  Bulletin,  November,  1923 


JO  JSOQ  J9AQ 
Avejjg  pun  jnaip^ 
jo  asnaaouj  junuuy 
oSujOAy  jo  anju^ 

$  5.87 

14.33 

15.44 

17.36 

\ 

18.77 

ajoy  jag 
jaziqpiag  jo  jsog 

$  2.52 

5.04 

7.56 

10.08 

12.60 

uoq.  J8d  oi$  B3  Avejjg 
pun  pqsng  jag 
05' I  $  W 

asnajouj  jo  anjey 

$  8.39 

co 

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23.00 

27.44 

31.37 

jaziqpiag 
oj  anQ  ajoy  jag 
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8SU9J0UJ  9SUJ9Ay 

00 

co 

CO 

oo 

920 

1 ,227 

1,293 

jaziqpiag 
oj  9nQ  9Joy 
jag  uiujg  sjaqsng 
ui  asuaioui  a&ujaAy 

co 

rji 

CO 

o 

rH 

12.3 

14.2 

16.6 

9Atsnpuj  xg3i  oj 
1161  sjuay  joj  9ioy 
jag  jAnijg  spunog 

UI  Spj9ty  9§UJ9Ay 

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05 

rH 

03 

05 

1,018 

1,322 

1,384 

9Aisnj9U  j  1361  oj 
1161  sjuay  joj  aaoy 
jag  uiujq  sjaqsng 
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T}H 

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11.7 

13.1 

15.0 

17.3 

ajoy  J9g  (ozH) 
qsujog  spunog 

•  1  CO 

1  1 

1  1 

1  1 

1  1 

1  1 

1  1 

i  i  co 

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II  1  1  T— 1  1  1  T-H 

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ajoy  J9g  («0zd) 
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1  1 

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1  Ht*  1  1  to  1  1  t>-  1 

1  1  1  1  1  1 

1  1  1  1  1  1 

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Fertilizer  Experiments  With  Wheat 


41 


EFFECT  OF  VARYING  QUANTITIES  OF  FERTILIZER 

The  experiments,  results  of  which  are  given  in  Table  Y,  were 
designed  to  show  the  effect  on  the  yield  of  wheat  of  decreasing  and 
increasing  the  normal  (NPK)  fertilizer  application,  which  consists 
of  400  pounds  per  acre  of  a  mixture  containing  7  per  cent  available 
phosphoric  acid,  3  per  cent  nitrogen,  and  1.5  per  cent  potash.  The 
applications  were  made  at  the  rate  of  200  %(NPK)  pounds;  400 
(NPK)  pounds;  600  iy2(NPK)  pounds;  800  2 (NPK)  pounds,’-  and 
1,000  2% (NPK)  pounds  per  acre,  broadcast  at  seeding. 


Fig.  5. — Wheat  on  Land  (Plat  3 — 2nd  Series,  Field  A)  to  Which  1,000  Lbs. 
Per  Acre  of  Complete  Fertilizer  (2 y2  NPK)  Has  Been  Applied 

Photo  1923 


The  average  results  for  the  nine  years  show  increased  yields  and 
profits  for  all  the  quantities  of  fertilizer  used,  1,000  pounds  giving 
the  largest  net  returns.  For  Fields  A  and  C,  the  largest  net  returns 
were  secured  from  the  use  of  800  pounds  per  acre ;  while  for  Field 
B,  the  use  of  a  1,000  pounds  of  fertilizer  produced  the  greatest  profit. 

Concisely,  the  average  results  with  the  different  quantities  of  fertil¬ 
izers  were  as  follows : 


Fertilizer 

Per  Acre — Pounds 

Average  Yield  Per  Acre 

Average  Increase  Over 
Unfertilized  Plats  Per  Acre 

Average  Value 
of  Increase 
Over  Cost 
of  Fertilizer 

Grain 

Bushels 

Straw 

Pounds 

Grain 

Bushels 

Straw 

Pounds 

200 

5.4 

495 

4.3 

378 

$  5.87 

400 

11.7 

921 

10.3 

783 

14.33 

600 

13.1 

1,018 

12.3 

920 

15.44 

800 

15.0 

1,322 

14.2 

1,227 

17.36 

1,000 

17.3 

1,384 

16.6 

1,293 

18.77 

II.  WHEAT  CULTURE  IN  PIEDMONT  NORTH  CAROLINA 


Wheat  is  most  important  in  the  Piedmont  and  Mountain  regions 
of  the  State.  There  are  a  few  soils,  however,  in  the  Eastern  portion 
of  the  State  on  which  this  crop  can  be  grown  fairly  successfully, 
such  soils  being  those  that  are  well  drained  and  are  of  a  clayey,  sandy 
clay  or  loamy  nature,  underlaid  by  clay  or  sandy  clay  subsoils.  The 
importance  of  the  wheat  crop  of  the  State  may  be  appreciated  by 
recalling  that  the  1919  crop  was  valued  at  almost  seven  million  dollars. 

Wheat  need  not  be  an  expensive  crop  to  produce  as  it  is  put  in 
during  the  fall  after  a  crop  of  corn  or  some  summer-growing  legume 
like  cowpeas  or  soybeans,  and  is  removed  in  time  the  following  spring 
for  the  land  to  go  again  into  cowpeas,  soybeans,  or  corn  in  some  cases. 
The  writers  are  fully  convinced,  however,  that  in  many  cases  in 
normal  times  wheat  would  be  far  more  profitable  harvested  for  hay 
than  for  grain.  The  objection  raised  to  the  growth  of  wheat  on  many 
farms  is  that  the  harvesting  and  threshing  of  it  comes  at  a  time  of 
the  year  when  many  general  farmers  can  ill  afford  to  spare  their 
time  and  teams  from  planting  and  cultivating  their  other  crops.  It 
is  under  such  circumstances  as  this  that  farmers  might  seriously 
consider  the  advisability  of  converting  their  wheat  crop  into  hay. 
They  would  be  able  to  get  their  land  for  other  crops  at  least  ten 
days  to  two  weeks  earlier  than  they  could  were  they  to  allow  the 
wheat  to  stand,  mature  the  grain  and  then  have  to  thresh  the  crop 
from  the  field. 

WHEAT  EXHAUSTS  THE  SOIL  SOME 

It  should  be  remembered  that  wheat,  when  both  grain  and  straw 
are  removed  from  the  land,  will  exhaust  considerable  of  the  reserve 
fertility  of  the  farm.  It  will,  this  season,  require  an  expenditure  for 
plant  food  in  mixed  fertilizers  of  about  27  cents  for  each  bushel  of 
wheat  produced  and  removed.  Again,  for  every  ton  of  straw  removed 
from  the  land  it  would  cost  $2.76  to  replace  the  fertilizing  constit¬ 
uents  carried  away.  All  or  most  of  these  fertilizing  constituents 
must  be  returned  to  the  soil,  if  the  soil  i§  to  be  maintained  in  a  pro¬ 
ductive  state. 

SOIL  AND  ITS  PREPARATION 

Although  wheat  will  grow  in  a  diversity  of  soils,  it  does  best  on 
the  rather  close  heavy  soils  of  the  clayey  or  loamy  types.  The  light 
clay  soils,  having  the  proper  degree  of  compactness  and  organic  mat¬ 
ter,  are  more  retentive  of  moisture  and  plant  food  and  are  generally 
better  adapted  for  wheat  growing  than  are  the  loams.  Alluvial  soils, 
when  not  too  rich,  usually  prove  good  wheat  lands,  as  they  are  deep 

[42] 


Fertilizer  Experiments  With  Wheat 


43 


and  fertile  and  contain  clay,  sand  and  humas  mixed  in  the  proper 
proportions  to  render  them  friable  and  porous,  and  easily  drained. 
For  spring  sowing  the  loams  are  well  suited.  The  light  sandy  soils 
of  the  Coastal  Plain  region  of  the  State  are  not  generally  well  suited 
for  the  culture  of  this  crop.  Soils  which  are  wet,  peaty  or  sour  in 
their  nature  are  not  at  all  suited  for  wheat  growing.  Good  drainage 
of  the  soil  and  subsoil  are  essential  with  any  type  of  soil.  The  nature 
of  the  soil  influences  the  yield  to  a  much  greater  extent  than  it  does 
the  quality  of  the  grain  which  is  governed  to  a  large  degree  by  cli¬ 
matic  conditions.  Land  intended  for  wheat  should  be  plowed  or 
disked  as  early  as  possible  after  the  removal  of  the  previous  crop — 
at  least  three  or  four  weeks  before  seeding  time — in  order  to  allow 
the  land  ample  time  to  settle  and  to  facilitate  a  conservation  of  the 


moisture  content  of  the  soil.  Before  the  seed  are  put  in,  the  soil 
should  be  thoroughly  pulverized  to  a  depth  of  three  or  four  inches 
in  order  to  bring  about  the  most  favorable  conditions  for  the  germi¬ 
nation  of  the  seed,  and  the  growth  and  development  of  the  young 
plants.  In  many  cases,  this  condition  can  be  brought  about  by  means 
of  a  disk  and  smoothing  harrow.  Where  necessary  to  use  the  plow, 
as  in  the  case  of  excessive  weed  or  grass  growth,  the  breaking  should 
not  be  done  to  a  greater  depth  than  about  6  inches,  and  should  be 
done  early  enough  in  the  season  to  allow  the  weeds  and  grass  to  rot 
and  the  soil  to  settle.  If  the  growth  is  too  heavy  to  be  turned  under 
well,  it  may  be  best  to  cut  them  with  a  mowing  machine,  allowing 
them  to  thoroughly  dry  out  before  attempting  to  turn  the  soil  with 
a  plow.  When  the  land  is  plowed  it  will  be  well  to  disk  and  barrow 
it  soon  afterwards  in  order  to  facilitate  the  settling  and  compacting 
of  the  soil.  This  may  be  repeated  if  necessary  to  keep  down  the  grass 
and  weeds  that  may  germinate  up  to  the  time  of  seeding.  . 

In  some  cases  for  soil  moisture  conservation,  wheat  grown  m  the 
Northwestern  States  is  given  a  light  harrowing  m  the  spring,  bu  m 
the  Eastern  States  all  the  work  is  generally  given  to  the  soil  before 
the  crop  is  put  in.  Even  here,  however,  during  the  dry  season,  the 


44 


The  Bulletin,  November,  1923 


use  of  a  light  harrow  or  weeder  in  the  spring  will  frequently  prove 
of  benefit.  If  the  land  is  too  open  and  loose,  rolling  or  planking  will 
prove  beneficial  after  plowing  and  before  seeding,  especially  so  if  the 
fall  is  dry.  This  will  crush  the  clods  and  lumps  and  compact  the  soil. 

FERTILIZATION 

As  the  removal  of  the  straw  and  grain  from  the  field  makes  wheat 
an  exhaustive  crop,  on  the  soils  of  the  older  States  of  the  South  like 
North  Carolina,  commercial  fertilizer  and  barnyard  manure  are  being 
more  generously  applied  to  this  cereal  or  to  the  crops  in  rotation 
with  it,  than  possibly  in  any  other  portion  of  the  country.  The  best 
fertilization  for  wheat  will  depend  upon  the  character  of  the  soil, 
the  kind  of  crops  that  have  been  grown  on  the  land  prior  to  the  wheat, 
and  the  treatment  which  has  been  accorded  these.  To  get  the  most 
out  of  any  fertilizer  or  manure  it  should  be  applied  in  a  finely  divided 
condition  and  should  be  intimately  mixed  in  the  surface  inch  or 
two  of  soil,  so  that  the  delicate  and  rather  superficial  root-system 
of  the  young  plants  may  get  at  it,  for  if  buried  deep  the  roots  would 
not  be  able  to  get  the  necessary  plant-food  required  to  make  a  good 
growth  of  the  plants.  With  most  of  our  soils,  especially  the  older 
ones,  used  for  wheat  growing,  humus  and  phosphoric  acid  and  nitro¬ 
gen  to  a  less  extent,  are  most  needed.  Without  a  good  supply  of 
humus,  commercial  fertilizers  do  not  produce  their  maximum  value. 
Potash  seems  to  be  less  often  required  with  most  of  our  soils.  Under 
certain  conditions  green-manuring  with  leguminous  crops  is  desirable, 
but  if  the  growth  of  these  is  heavy,  it  will  be  found  best  to  have 
another  crop  come  in  between,  but  if  the  green  crops  are  light  they 
should  not  be  plowed  under  immediately  before  sowing  to  wheat. 

Wheat  is  usually  greatly  benefited  by  applications  of  stable  manure 
or  by  plowing  under  the  stubble  of  such  crops  as  cowpeas,  soybeans 
or  red  clover.  In  cases  where  moderately  large  quantities  of  manure 
is  to  be  used  it  will  be  better  practice  to  apply  only  small  amounts 
before  seeding  and  reserve  the  greater  portion  to  be  applied  broad¬ 
cast  during  the  late  fall  or  early  winter.  Very  large  applications  of 
nitrogenous  materials  either  in  the  form  of  barnyard  manure  or  com¬ 
mercial  fertilizing  materials  should  be  guarded  against,  as  they  will 
tend  to  promote  the  production  of  an  excessive  growth  of  straw  which 
will  show  a  tendency  to  lodge. 

For  soils  that  have  become  sour,  applications  of  ground  limestone, 
at  the  rate  of  2,000  to  3,000  pounds  per  acre,  will  prove  beneficial. 
The  lime  should  be  applied,  when  practical  to  do  so,  two  to  four 
weeks  in  advance  of  seeding  and  should  be  thoroughly  worked  into 
the  soil.  A  large  vigorous  growth  of  stalks  and  leaves  of  a  dark 
green  color  is  a  good  sign  that  nitrogen  is  not  necessary  to  be  added, 
but  if  the  plants  are  small  and  of  a  pale  green  color,  if  the  physical 


Fertilizer  Experiments  With  Wheat 


45 


condition  of  the  soil  is  good,  nitrogen  is  indicated  to  be  necessary  in 
the  fertilizing  application.  On  the  average  wheat  soils  of  the  Pied¬ 
mont  section  of  the  State,  that  have  been  well  prepared  for  wheat, 
the  use  of  something  like  600  pounds  per  acre  at  the  time  of  seeding 
of  a  fertilizing  mixture  analyzing  10  to  12  per  cent  available  phos¬ 
phoric  acid,  and  about  3  per  cent  nitrogen,  and  1  per  cent  potash  at 
seeding  should  be  found  to  give  profitable  returns  where  good  seed 
are  used  and  sown  at  the  proper  time.  Should  the  plants  in  the 
spring  just  at  the  time  they  are  beginning  to  send  up  stems  for  the 
formation  of  seed  heads  not  be  making  satisfactory  growth,  a  side¬ 
dressing  of  75  to  100  pounds  per  acre  of  either  nitrate  of  soda  or 
sulphate  of  ammonia  will  usually  prove  beneficial,  especially  so  where 
the  land  is  poor  or  about  the  average  and  the  percentage  of  nitro¬ 
gen  in  the  mixture  is  not  more  than  3  per  cent.  Wheat,  if  selling 
at  a  satisfactory  price,  should  usually  pay  fairly  well  for  liberal 
applications  of  fertilizers  if  the  land  has  been  put  in  good  condition 
before  planting,  good  seed  being  used  -and  planted  properly.  As  a 
rule,  however,  fertilizers  properly  used,  generally  prove  more  profit¬ 
able  with  this  crop  planted  on  clay  soils  than  when  grown  on  sandy 
and  sandy  loams. 

VARIETIES  TO  SEED 

There  is  no  best  variety  for  all  sections  of  the  country,  but  for  each 
locality  there  are  varieties  which  outyield  all  others.  However,  a 
best-yielding  variety  in  one  section  of  the  country  may  be  a  poor 
vielder  in  another.  Some  high  yielders  will  likely  not  prove  profitable 
because  of  the  inferior  milling  and  baking  qualities  of  their  grain ; 
while  others  possess  these  good  characteristics  but  are  poor  yielders. 
It  is  fortunate,  however,  that  all  these  qualities  may  be  combined  in 
the  same  varieties  to  a  considerable  degree.  As  a  general  thing,  the 
white  grain  wheats  are  inferior  in  quality.  Gains  secured  though 
the  use  of  seed  of  the  better  varieties  are  the  cheapest  the  farmer  can 
secure,  but  before  making  any  great  investment  in  seed  of  a  new 
variety,  he  should  know  for  certain  that  it  is  better  than  the  one  he 
is  already  growing.  Some  of  the  leading  varieties  are  for  North 
Carolina  :  Leap’s  Prolific,  Purple  Straw  and  Fulcaster. 

SELECTING  SEED 

With  different  varieties  and  strains  in  the  same  variety  there  are 
marked  differences  in  hardiness,  resistance  to  drought,  lodging  and 
insect  ravages,  quality  of  grain  and  productiveness.  This  being  so, 
great  opportunities  are  presented  in  almost  every  field  for  making 
the  variety  of  wheat  being  grown  on  any  farm  not  only  more  pro¬ 
ductive,  but  also  more  desirable  in  other  respects  such  as  in  special 
qualities  for  special  purposes  by  intelligent  field  selection  of  seed  in 


46 


The  Bulletin,  Hovembek,  1923 


the  field,  just  before  harvesting,  from  the  most  prolific  plants.  The 
good  qualities  of  any  type  of  plant  may  be  fixed  by  careful  and  sys¬ 
tematic  selection  of  seed.  Most  of  the  varieties  grown  at  the  present 
time  are  the  result  of  the  selection  of  seed  from  individual  plants 
produced  by  accidental  crosses  in  the  general  crop. 

By  the  use  of  seed  of  the  better  varieties,  the  yields  in  many  cases 
may  be  increased  two  to  four  or  more  bushels  per  acre ;  and  then 
the  selection  of  seed  in  the  field  from  the  most  productive  stalks  will 
result  in  a  still  further  increased  production  per  acre.  As  experi¬ 
ments  have  demonstrated  that  the  use  for  planting  of  the  larger, 
plumper  seed  of  any  variety  will  generally  produce  larger  yields  per 
acre  than  the  average  seed  secured  in  the  usual  way,  the  grading  of 
the  seed  by  the  use  of  a  fanning  mill  will  usually  be  found  to  be  wise. 

TREAT  THE  SEED  FOR  SMUT 

Considerable  wheat  is  damaged  each  year  by  smut.  Much  of  this 
could  be  prevented  by  treating  the  seed  just  before  the  time  of  plant¬ 
ing.  A  good  solution  for  treating  wheat  may  be  made  by  mixing 
one  pound  of  formalin  with  40  gallons  of  water.  The  formalin  is 
a  liquid  which  may  be  secured  from  any  drug  store.  In  order  to 
treat  the  seed,  the  wheat  is  piled  on  a  clean  floor  or  sheet  and  sprinkled 
with  the  solution  of  water  and  formalin.  The  seed  are  sprinkled  and 
stirred  repeatedly  until  all  of  the  grains  are  wet  with  the  solution. 
The  pile  is  then  covered  with  sacks  and  left  for  two  or  three  hours. 
After  this  treatment  the  seed  are  spread  out  to  dry. 

SEEDING  WHEAT  ON  WEEDY  LAND 

Where  one  has  a  piece  of  land  that  is  covered  with  a  dense  growth 
of  weeds  in  the  summer,  it  will  be  necessary  during  the  late  summer 
or  early  fall  to  cut  these  weeds,  allow  them  to  dry  and  then  turn 
them  into  the  soil  three  to  four  weeks  before  planting  time  in  order 
that  the  land  may  be  put  in  proper  condition  when  seeding  time  comes 
around.  If  the  turning  of  the  weeds  is  delayed  too  long,  they  are 
liable  to  cause  the  land  to  be  too  open  for  best  results  with  wheat.  If 
the  growth  of  weeds  is  small  or  moderate  in  amount,  it  will  not  be 
necessary  to  cut  the  weeds  with  a  mower  or  some  other  suitable  imple¬ 
ment  before  turning  the  land.  However,  if  the  growth  is  heavy  it 
will  be,  generally  speaking,  absolutely  necessary  to  do  this  in  order 
to  get  the  land  in  good  shape  for  the  proper  seeding  of  the  wheat. 

Where  a  heavy  growth  of  green  weeds  is  turned  into  the  soil,  with¬ 
out  first  cutting  and  drying,  the  soil  will  be  much  more  likely  to  be 
soured  than  would  be  the  case  if  the  weeds  are  cut  and  dried  partially 
before  turning.  Under  no  circumstances  should  a  dense  growth  of 
weeds  be  turned  in  to  form  a  layer,  three  or  more  inches  below  the 


Fertilizer  Experiments  With  Wheat 


47 


surface,  that  will  cut  off  the  movement  of  the  water  from  below  to 
the  surface.  If  this  is  done  the  wheat  will  likely  suffer  from  an 
insufficient  supply  of  moisture  and  the  results  generally  will  not  be 
satisfactory. 

The  organic  material  turned  under  should  be  so  handled  that  it 
will  have  time  to  thoroughly  decompose  and  be  thoroughly  incorpo¬ 
rated  with  the  top  few  inches  of  soil.  Where  the  land  is  broken  in 
the  way  suggested  above  and  allowed  to  settle  for  three  to  four  weeks 
before  seeding,  there  should  be  no  difficulty  in  getting  a  good  seed-bed 
and  a  good  stand  of  wheat,  provided  other  conditions  are  made  satis¬ 
factory  for  germination  of  the  seed. 

SOWING  THE  SEED 

Heavy  and  plump  kernels,  free  from  dirt  and  foreign  seeds,  should 
be  used  for  seeding,  as  they  germinate  quicker  and  produce  much 
hardier  and  stronger  plants,  which  are  usually  much  more  productive 
than  those  grown  from  small  light  or  immature  seed.  In  North  Caro¬ 
lina  the  seeding  should  take  place  as  soon  as  possible  after  the  first 
light  frost.  If  sown  before  that  time  the  wheat  is  liable  to  be  injured 
in  localities  where  the  Hessian  fly  is  troublesome.  After  a  well- 
prepared  seed-bed  has  been  provided,  the  seeding  should  take  place 
at  the  rate  of  6  to  8  pecks  per  acre.  On  poor  land  and  stiff  clay 
soils,  the  seeding  should  be  heavier  than  on  fertile  and  loamy  soils. 
If  the  seed  are  sown  late  or  be  broadcast  by  hand,  it  will  usually 
require  more  seed  than  where  the  seeding  is  early  or  they  are  put 
in  with  a  drill.  Varieties  with  large  kernels  or  with  limited  stooling 
capacity  should  be  seeded  at  a  heavier  rate  than  those  with  small 
seed  or  with  a  strong  tendency  to  stool  or  tiller. 

The  depth  of  seeding  should  be  governed  by  the  texture  and  mois¬ 
ture  content  of  the  soil.  Under  favorable  conditions,  a  depth  of  one 
inch  or  less  will  be  ample,  but  where  the  soil  is  loose,  dry  and  lumpy 
a  slightly  deeper  seeding  will  frequently  be  advisable.  Usually  the 
seed  are  covered  to  a  depth  of  one  to  two  inches ;  deep  enough  to  be 
deposited  in  moist  soil.  It  often  pays  to  harrow  the  ground  after 
the  grain  is  sown  in  order  to  make  the  soil  compact  below  and  fine 
and  mellow  at  the  surface. 

ROTATIONS 

With  wheat  as  with  other  crops  a  good  system  of  rotations  is  one 
of  the  essentials  of  success.  The  system  of  rotation  should  be  so 
planned  that  a  liberal  supply  of  nitrogen,  the  most  costly  fertilizing 
constituent,  will  be  abundantly  stored  in  the  soil  by  the  growth  of 
nitrogen-gathering  crops  like  cowpeas,  hairy  vetch,  soybeans  and  clo¬ 
vers.  When  this  is  done,  it  will  only  be  necessary  to  keep  the  soil 


48 


The  Bulletin,  JNTovembee,  1923 


sweet  by  the  use  of  lime  and  to  maintain  the  supply  of  the  far  less 
expensive  plant-food  mineral  constituents — phosphoric  acid  and  pot¬ 
ash.  Wheat  should  be  in  rotation  with  deep-rooted  crops  as  far  as 
practicable  as  shallow-rooted  plants  like  other  small  grains  and  corn 
make  practically  the  same  demands  upon  the  soil  and  in  the  same 
feeding  zone  as  does  this  cereal. 

For  the  Piedmont  cotton  belt  of  the  State,  a  good  three-year  rota¬ 
tion  would  be  hist  year,  wheat  followed  by  cowpeas  or  soybeans ; 
second  year,  cotton  with  crimson  clover  sown  in  it  after  first  picking  • 
and  third  year,  corn  followed  by  wheat  in  the  fall. 

For  the  clay  and  valley  lands  of  the  Piedmont  and  Mountain  sec, 
tions,  excellent  results  are  usually  secured  from  a  four-year  rotation 
consisting  of  a  fall-sown  wheat  with  red  clover  harrowed  in  during 
the  spring ;  red  clover  with  the  second  crop  turned  under  in  the  sec¬ 
ond  year;  and  corn  the  fourth  year.  Other  leguminous  crops  such 
as  soybeans,  hairy  vetch,  peanuts  and  velvet  beans  may  be  worked 
into  different  rotation  combinations  with  wheat,  the  ones  used  being 
governed  by  local  conditions. 

The  growth  of  wheat  continuously  on  the  same  land  without  other 
crops  can  not  be  too  strongly  condemned,  as  it  not  only  leads  to 

reduced  yields,  but  it  is  liable  to  leave  the  land  in  bad  mechanical 
condition. 


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